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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alkoholate</span></h1>
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<p><b>Alkoholate</b>, auch <b>Alkanolate</b> und <b>Alkoxide</b> genannt, sind <a href="Salze" title="Salze">Salze</a> aus Metall<a href="Kation" title="Kation">kationen</a> und Alkoholat<a href="Anion" title="Anion">anionen</a>. Die allgemeine Formel lautet (RO)<sub><i>n</i></sub>M (M = <a href="Metall" class="mw-redirect" title="Metall">Metall</a>ion; <i>n</i> entspricht der Wertigkeit dieses Metallions). Die Namen der Alkoholate leiten sich von den jeweiligen Alkoholen ab, beispielsweise <a href="Methanolate" title="Methanolate">Methanolate</a> von <a href="Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a>, <a href="Ethanolate" title="Ethanolate">Ethanolate</a> von <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> und <a href="Propanolate" title="Propanolate">Propanolate</a> von <a href="1-Propanol" title="1-Propanol">1-Propanol</a>. Sie werden beispielsweise in der <a href="Williamson-Ethersynthese" title="Williamson-Ethersynthese">Williamson-Ethersynthese</a> und in <a href="Sol-Gel-Prozess" title="Sol-Gel-Prozess">Sol-Gel-Prozessen</a> verwendet.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darstellung">Darstellung</h2></div>
<p>Alkoholate können in einigen Fällen durch direkte Reaktion von Metallen mit Alkoholen <a href="Synthese_(Chemie)" title="Synthese (Chemie)">synthetisiert</a> werden. Dies funktioniert insbesondere bei Alkoholaten kurzkettiger Alkohole mit hochreaktiven Metallen, also Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beispielsweise entsteht <a href="Natriumethanolat" title="Natriumethanolat">Natriumethanolat</a> durch Einwirkung von Natrium auf <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a>, wobei <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a>gas entweicht:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ C_{2}H_{5}OH+2\ Na\longrightarrow 2\ C_{2}H_{5}ONa+H_{2}\uparrow } }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ C_{2}H_{5}OH+2\ Na\longrightarrow 2\ C_{2}H_{5}ONa+H_{2}\uparrow } }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3bf2991acd8c903e8a2ff26631c6d72b3b341493.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:42.841ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ C_{2}H_{5}OH+2\ Na\longrightarrow 2\ C_{2}H_{5}ONa+H_{2}\uparrow } }" loading="lazy"></span><br><div style="font-size:90%;">Ethanol reagiert mit Natrium zu Natriumethanolat und Wasserstoff.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>In reiner Form sind Alkoholate Feststoffe, sie reagieren jedoch leicht mit Sauerstoff zu Peroxiden oder mit Wasser (auch Luftfeuchtigkeit) unter Hydrolyse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So entstehen, z.&nbsp;B. nach:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{2}H_{5}ONa+H_{2}O\longrightarrow C_{2}H_{5}OH+NaOH} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{2}H_{5}ONa+H_{2}O\longrightarrow C_{2}H_{5}OH+NaOH} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff3903e6cd46f578c68057b9c4efc64e7a76bd47.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:41.163ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{2}H_{5}ONa+H_{2}O\longrightarrow C_{2}H_{5}OH+NaOH} }" loading="lazy"></span><br><div style="font-size:90%;">Aus Natriumethanolat und Wasser entstehen Ethanol und <a href="Natriumhydroxid" title="Natriumhydroxid">Natriumhydroxid</a>.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung_und_Reaktionen">Verwendung und Reaktionen</h2></div>
<p>Alkoholate finden beispielsweise Anwendung in der <a href="Williamson-Ethersynthese" title="Williamson-Ethersynthese">Williamson-Ethersynthese</a> mit <a href="Halogenalkane" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogenalkane">Halogenalkanen</a> (Zum Beispiel Diethylether aus Natriumethanolat und Chlorethan) (1):<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {1)\ R^{1}{-}O^{-}+X-R^{2}\longrightarrow R^{1}{-}O{-}R^{2}+X^{-}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {1)\ R^{1}{-}O^{-}+X-R^{2}\longrightarrow R^{1}{-}O{-}R^{2}+X^{-}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/347052cabb95632b88316fc3e3aa079e4b757fc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:42.873ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {1)\ R^{1}{-}O^{-}+X-R^{2}\longrightarrow R^{1}{-}O{-}R^{2}+X^{-}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit <a href="Carbons%C3%A4urehalogenide" title="Carbonsäurehalogenide">Carbonsäurehalogeniden</a> lassen sich <a href="Ester" title="Ester">Ester</a> darstellen (2):<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2)\ R^{1}{-}O^{-}+X{-}(CO){-}R^{2}\longrightarrow R^{1}{-}O{-}(CO){-}R^{2}+X^{-}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2)\ R^{1}{-}O^{-}+X{-}(CO){-}R^{2}\longrightarrow R^{1}{-}O{-}(CO){-}R^{2}+X^{-}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/024778d687d7aa53d9dfd10a9f054e76515edd3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:56.048ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2)\ R^{1}{-}O^{-}+X{-}(CO){-}R^{2}\longrightarrow R^{1}{-}O{-}(CO){-}R^{2}+X^{-}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Bei Kontakt mit <a href="Wasser" title="Wasser">Wasser</a> reagieren Alkoholate in einer <a href="S%C3%A4ure-Base-Reaktion" title="Säure-Base-Reaktion">Säure-Base-Reaktion</a> zum entsprechenden Alkohol und <a href="Hydroxidion" title="Hydroxidion">Hydroxidionen</a> (4):<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {4)\ R{-}O^{-}+H_{2}O\longrightarrow R{-}OH+OH^{-}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {4)\ R{-}O^{-}+H_{2}O\longrightarrow R{-}OH+OH^{-}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24f4b117a913c91214a9f15ba50bc75da6cb92d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {4)\ R{-}O^{-}+H_{2}O\longrightarrow R{-}OH+OH^{-}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Weiterhin werden Alkoholate zunehmend in <a href="Sol-Gel-Prozess" title="Sol-Gel-Prozess">Sol-Gel-Prozessen</a> zur Herstellung beispielsweise von <a href="D%C3%BCnne_Schichten" title="Dünne Schichten">Dünnschichten</a> verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alkoxides?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Alkoholate</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Y. Turova, Evgeniya P. Turevskaya, Vadim G. Kessler, Maria I. Yanovskaya: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides</cite>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 2007, ISBN 978-0-306-47657-0, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>11–12</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Chemistry_of_Metal_Alkoxides/BSfrBwAAQBAJ?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=alkoxides%20synthesis&amp;pg=PA11&amp;printsec=frontcover">google.de</a> [abgerufen am 11.&nbsp;Dezember 2024]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Alkoholate&amp;rft.au=N.+Y.+Turova%2C+Evgeniya+P.+Turevskaya%2C+Vadim+G.+Kessler%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Metal+Alkoxides&amp;rft.date=2007-05-08&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780306476570&amp;rft.pages=11-12&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wade: <cite style="font-style:italic">Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry: A Text-book for Students in the Universitites and Technical Schools</cite>. Swan Sonnenschein, 1898, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>13–14</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.de/books/edition/Introduction_to_the_Study_of_Organic_Che/HnIMAQAAIAAJ?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22sodium%20ethoxide%22%20hydrolysis&amp;pg=PA13&amp;printsec=frontcover">google.de</a> [abgerufen am 11.&nbsp;Dezember 2024]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Alkoholate&amp;rft.au=John+Wade&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Organic+Chemistry%3A+A+Text-book+for+Students+in+the+Universitites+and+Technical+Schools&amp;rft.date=1898&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=13-14&amp;rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laszlo Kurti, Barbara Czako: <cite style="font-style:italic">Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis</cite>. Elsevier, 2005, ISBN 978-0-08-057541-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>484</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.de/books/edition/Strategic_Applications_of_Named_Reaction/MdxkSyzhcdcC?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=alkoxides%20williamson&amp;pg=PA484&amp;printsec=frontcover">google.de</a> [abgerufen am 11.&nbsp;Dezember 2024]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Alkoholate&amp;rft.au=Laszlo+Kurti%2C+Barbara+Czako&amp;rft.btitle=Strategic+Applications+of+Named+Reactions+in+Organic+Synthesis&amp;rft.date=2005-04-29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780080575414&amp;rft.pages=484&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James S. Panek: <cite style="font-style:italic">Science of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformations Vol. 20b: Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Esters, and Lactones; Peroxy Acids and R(CO)OX Compounds; R(CO)X, X=S, Se, Te</cite>. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-13-178131-4 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.de/books/edition/Science_of_Synthesis_Houben_Weyl_Methods/--aIAwAAQBAJ?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=ester%20from%20alkoxide%20and%20acid%20halide&amp;pg=RA1-PA4&amp;printsec=frontcover">google.de</a> [abgerufen am 11.&nbsp;Dezember 2024]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Alkoholate&amp;rft.au=James+S.+Panek&amp;rft.btitle=Science+of+Synthesis%3A+Houben-Weyl+Methods+of+Molecular+Transformations+Vol.+20b%3A+Three+Carbon-Heteroatom+Bonds%3A+Esters%2C+and+Lactones%3B+Peroxy+Acids+and+R%28CO%29OX+Compounds%3B+R%28CO%29X%2C+X%3DS%2C+Se%2C+Te&amp;rft.date=2014-05-14&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783131781314&amp;rft.pub=Georg+Thieme+Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumio Sakka: <cite style="font-style:italic">Handbook of sol-gel science and technology. 1. Sol-gel processing</cite>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 2005, ISBN 978-1-4020-7966-5 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.de/books/edition/Handbook_of_sol_gel_science_and_technolo/i9swy1D2HxIC?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=alkoxide%20sol%20gel&amp;pg=PA59&amp;printsec=frontcover">google.de</a> [abgerufen am 11.&nbsp;Dezember 2024]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Alkoholate&amp;rft.au=Sumio+Sakka&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+sol-gel+science+and+technology.+1.+Sol-gel+processing&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781402079665&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
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